From: entekhab.ir
Subject: «از سوی طالقانی برای مذاکره با خلق ترکمن به ترکمن صحرا رفتم»/«ارتش با دستور دولت موقت، به سرکوب خلق ترکمن پرداخت»/«طالقانی از جنگ در کردستان ناراحت بود»
Date: Wed, 29 Apr 2026 16:36:17 +0330
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: multipart/related;
	boundary="--BEA53E19896D1DF39E4CC97E94BAFA04_MULTIPART_MIXED";
	type="text/html"
X-MimeOLE: Produced By IRANSAMANEH.COM

This is a multi-part message in MIME format.

----BEA53E19896D1DF39E4CC97E94BAFA04_MULTIPART_MIXED
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://mhtfile/index.html
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----BEA53E19896D1DF39E4CC97E94BAFA04_MULTIPART_MIXED
Content-Type: image/vnd.microsoft.icon
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Location: http://mhtfile/favicon.ico
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----BEA53E19896D1DF39E4CC97E94BAFA04_MULTIPART_MIXED--